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is fundamentally different from

  • 1 producto de la información

    Ex. The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.
    * * *

    Ex: The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > producto de la información

  • 2 коренным образом отличаться от

    Коренным образом отличаться от
     Such a fully developed regime is fundamentally different from the regime of unchanging velocity profiles.
     The flow in the inducer is entirely different from what one would expect in typical axial turbines.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > коренным образом отличаться от

  • 3 información como artículo de consumo, la

    Ex. The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información como artículo de consumo, la

  • 4 información como materia prima, la

    Ex. The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información como materia prima, la

  • 5 información como artículo de consumo

    la información como artículo de consumo

    Ex: The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información como artículo de consumo

  • 6 información como materia prima

    la información como materia prima

    Ex: The form and structure of information commodities is fundamentally different from the form and structure of the material commodities that dominated our past ideas about value.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información como materia prima

  • 7 diferente

    adj.
    different.
    una casa diferente de o a la mía a house different from mine
    yo soy muy diferente de o a él I'm very different from him
    por diferentes razones for a variety of reasons, for various reasons
    adv.
    differently.
    se comportan muy diferente el uno del otro they behave very differently (from one another)
    * * *
    1 different
    ■ es diferente de/a todos it's different to/from them all
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=distinto) different

    ser diferente de o a algn/algo — to be different to o from sb/sth

    mi enfoque es diferente del o al tuyo — my approach is different to o from yours

    eso me da igual, diferente sería que no me invitaran a la fiesta — I don't mind about that, it would be different if they didn't invite me to the party

    2)

    diferentes — (=varios) various, several

    por aquí han pasado diferentes personalidades — various o several celebrities have been here

    * * *
    a) ( distinto) different

    ser diferente a or de alguien/algo — to be different from somebody/something

    mi familia es diferente a or de la tuya — my family is different from o to yours

    b) (en pl, delante del n) <motivos/soluciones/maneras> various
    * * *
    = alternative, dissimilar, different, differing, distinct, diverse, variant, varying, unlike, unconnected, discrepant, contrasting, differential, various, disparate, non-identical.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. It is the identification of similarities and differences, enabling one to group together things which are similar, and separate them from things which are dissimilar.
    Ex. A variable length field takes different lengths in different records.
    Ex. Different devices for the organisation of knowledge place differing emphasis on the relative importance of these two objectives.
    Ex. There are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. Homographs are words which have the same spelling as each other but very diverse meanings.
    Ex. If the variant heading given in the reference heading area is identified as a variant to more than one uniform heading, area 3 may contain multiple uniform headings.
    Ex. A uniform title is the title by which a work that has appeared under varying titles is to be identified for cataloguing purposes.
    Ex. The relationship of these two types of technology to librarianship is not unlike that of radio to astronomy.
    Ex. To take some very common examples, many academic libraries will not answer any enquiries at all from people unconnected with the university.
    Ex. Male heavy and light readers are found to have value systems so discrepant as to constitute almost distinct subcultures.
    Ex. The author describes 2 contrasting Florida libraries on the Gulf of Mexico, how they serve and are served by the community.
    Ex. This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex. The records in a computer data bases are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. It is the distinct syntactical relationships in these subjects which are responsible for their being two disparate topics.
    Ex. Based on the above considerations, medicinal ingredients containing the same active moiety are classified into identical or non-identical.
    ----
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * algo diferente de = something other than.
    * algo muy diferente de = a far cry from.
    * anchos de diferentes tamaños = graded widths.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * con diferentes variaciones = in variation.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * de diferente modo = differently.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale], grey scale [gray scale].
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de un modo diferente = differentially.
    * diferente de = different to, other than.
    * diferentes ocasiones = at different times.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * entre diferentes edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * formación en diferentes tareas = cross-training [cross training], multiskilling [multi-skilling].
    * habilidad en el manejo de diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * muy diferente de = far different... from, in marked contrast to/with.
    * opiniones diferentes = contrasting opinions.
    * pensar de un modo diferente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * ser completamente diferente = be in a different league.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind.
    * ser muy diferente de = be quite apart from.
    * ser un caso completamente diferente = be in a league of its own.
    * tener un concepto diferente sobre Algo = hold + different perspective on.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de diferente modo = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de un modo diferente = see + things differently.
    * * *
    a) ( distinto) different

    ser diferente a or de alguien/algo — to be different from somebody/something

    mi familia es diferente a or de la tuya — my family is different from o to yours

    b) (en pl, delante del n) <motivos/soluciones/maneras> various
    * * *
    = alternative, dissimilar, different, differing, distinct, diverse, variant, varying, unlike, unconnected, discrepant, contrasting, differential, various, disparate, non-identical.

    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

    Ex: It is the identification of similarities and differences, enabling one to group together things which are similar, and separate them from things which are dissimilar.
    Ex: A variable length field takes different lengths in different records.
    Ex: Different devices for the organisation of knowledge place differing emphasis on the relative importance of these two objectives.
    Ex: There are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: Homographs are words which have the same spelling as each other but very diverse meanings.
    Ex: If the variant heading given in the reference heading area is identified as a variant to more than one uniform heading, area 3 may contain multiple uniform headings.
    Ex: A uniform title is the title by which a work that has appeared under varying titles is to be identified for cataloguing purposes.
    Ex: The relationship of these two types of technology to librarianship is not unlike that of radio to astronomy.
    Ex: To take some very common examples, many academic libraries will not answer any enquiries at all from people unconnected with the university.
    Ex: Male heavy and light readers are found to have value systems so discrepant as to constitute almost distinct subcultures.
    Ex: The author describes 2 contrasting Florida libraries on the Gulf of Mexico, how they serve and are served by the community.
    Ex: This illustrates the puzzle that differential policies pose for users.
    Ex: The records in a computer data bases are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: It is the distinct syntactical relationships in these subjects which are responsible for their being two disparate topics.
    Ex: Based on the above considerations, medicinal ingredients containing the same active moiety are classified into identical or non-identical.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * algo diferente de = something other than.
    * algo muy diferente de = a far cry from.
    * anchos de diferentes tamaños = graded widths.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * con diferentes variaciones = in variation.
    * conocimiento de los diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * de diferente modo = differently.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de diferentes tonalidades de gris = grey scale [gray scale], grey scale [gray scale].
    * de forma diferente = differently shaped.
    * de un modo diferente = differentially.
    * diferente de = different to, other than.
    * diferentes ocasiones = at different times.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * entre diferentes edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * formación en diferentes tareas = cross-training [cross training], multiskilling [multi-skilling].
    * habilidad en el manejo de diferentes soportes = media competency.
    * muy diferente de = far different... from, in marked contrast to/with.
    * opiniones diferentes = contrasting opinions.
    * pensar de un modo diferente = think out(side) + (of) the box.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * seguir líneas diferentes = be on different lines.
    * seguir un rumbo diferente = take + a different turn.
    * ser completamente diferente = be in a different league.
    * ser de un tipo diferente = be different in kind.
    * ser muy diferente de = be quite apart from.
    * ser un caso completamente diferente = be in a league of its own.
    * tener un concepto diferente sobre Algo = hold + different perspective on.
    * ver las cosas de diferente manera = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de diferente modo = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de una manera diferente = see + things differently.
    * ver las cosas de un modo diferente = see + things differently.

    * * *
    1 (distinto) different ser diferente A or DE algn/algo:
    mi familia es diferente a or de la tuya my family is different from o to yours
    su versión es diferente a or de la tuya her version is different from o to o ( AmE) than yours
    es un lugar diferente de todos los que he visitado hasta ahora it is unlike any other place I have visited so far
    2 (en pl, delante del n) ‹motivos/soluciones/maneras› various
    diferentes personas manifestaron esa misma opinión various (different) people expressed the same opinion
    existen diferentes enfoques del problema there are a variety o a number of (different) ways of looking at the problem, there are various (different) ways of looking at the problem
    nos hemos encontrado en diferentes ocasiones we've met several times o on several o on various occasions
    por diferentes razones for a variety o a number of reasons, for various reasons
    * * *

     

    diferente adjetivo

    ser diferente a or de algn/algo to be different from sb/sth
    b) (en pl, delante del n) ‹motivos/soluciones/maneras› various;


    diferente
    I adjetivo different [de, from]
    II adverbio differently: ¿no crees que deberíamos atacar el problema de una forma diferente?, don't you think that we should approach the problem differently?
    ' diferente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    discrepar
    - otra
    - otro
    - separada
    - separado
    - desigual
    - dispar
    - distinto
    - diverso
    English:
    differ
    - different
    - distinct
    - off-beat
    - unalike
    - unlike
    - alternative
    - dissimilar
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [distinto] different (de o a from o to);
    una casa diferente de o [m5] a la mía a house different from mine;
    yo soy muy diferente de o [m5] a él I'm very different from him;
    fue una experiencia diferente it was something different
    2.
    diferentes [varios] various;
    se oyeron diferentes opiniones al respecto various opinions were voiced on the subject;
    por diferentes razones for a variety of reasons, for various reasons;
    ocurre en diferentes lugares del planeta it happens in various different places around the world
    ♦ adv
    differently;
    se comportan muy diferente el uno del otro they behave very differently (from one another)
    * * *
    adj different
    * * *
    distinto: different
    * * *
    diferente adj different

    Spanish-English dictionary > diferente

  • 8 distinto

    adj.
    1 different, unlike, other, unequal.
    2 distinct, distinguishable, apparent.
    3 distinct, non continuous, discrete, quite separate.
    * * *
    1 (diferente) different
    2 (claro) distinct
    ► adjetivo pl distintos,-as
    1 various, several
    * * *
    (f. - distinta)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=diferente) different (a, de from)
    2) (=definido) [perfil, vista] clear, distinct
    3) pl distintos several, various

    hay distintas opiniones sobre eso — there are several o various opinions about that

    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( diferente) different

    ser distinto a or de algo/alguien — to be different from o (AmE) than something/somebody

    estas/te encuentro distinto — you look different

    2) (en pl, delante del n) ( varios) several, various
    * * *
    = alternative, dissimilar, different, discrete, disparate, distinct, separate, unconnected.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. It is the identification of similarities and differences, enabling one to group together things which are similar, and separate them from things which are dissimilar.
    Ex. A variable length field takes different lengths in different records.
    Ex. Composite documents are documents which contain two or more discrete subjects.
    Ex. It is the distinct syntactical relationships in these subjects which are responsible for their being two disparate topics.
    Ex. There are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex. One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.
    Ex. To take some very common examples, many academic libraries will not answer any enquiries at all from people unconnected with the university.
    ----
    * algo distinto de = something other than.
    * algo muy distinto de = a far cry from.
    * distinto de = other than.
    * distintos = any of a number of.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * ser algo completamente distinto = be nothing of the sort.
    * * *
    - ta adjetivo
    1) ( diferente) different

    ser distinto a or de algo/alguien — to be different from o (AmE) than something/somebody

    estas/te encuentro distinto — you look different

    2) (en pl, delante del n) ( varios) several, various
    * * *
    = alternative, dissimilar, different, discrete, disparate, distinct, separate, unconnected.

    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

    Ex: It is the identification of similarities and differences, enabling one to group together things which are similar, and separate them from things which are dissimilar.
    Ex: A variable length field takes different lengths in different records.
    Ex: Composite documents are documents which contain two or more discrete subjects.
    Ex: It is the distinct syntactical relationships in these subjects which are responsible for their being two disparate topics.
    Ex: There are two fundamentally distinct avenues to the construction of the schedules of a classification scheme.
    Ex: One of the most obvious of the limitations of this approach is that it is difficult to decide what constitutes a separate work.
    Ex: To take some very common examples, many academic libraries will not answer any enquiries at all from people unconnected with the university.
    * algo distinto de = something other than.
    * algo muy distinto de = a far cry from.
    * distinto de = other than.
    * distintos = any of a number of.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * ser algo completamente distinto = be nothing of the sort.

    * * *
    A (diferente) different
    son gemelos, pero son muy distintos they're twins, but they are very different
    distinto A or DE algo/algn:
    es totalmente distinto a ella he is totally different to o from her
    su versión de lo ocurrido es bastante distinta de la mía his version of events is quite different from o to o ( AmE) than mine
    este problema es totalmente distinto del anterior this problem is totally different from o ( frml) quite distinct from the previous one
    B (en pl, delante del n) (varios) several, various
    les preguntó a distintas personas y nadie sabía she asked several o various people and no-one knew
    * * *

    distinto
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1 ( diferente) different;
    ser distinto a or de algo/algn to be different from o to o (AmE) than sth/sb;
    ◊ estas/te encuentro distinto you look different

    2 (en pl, delante del n) ( varios) several, various
    distinto,-a adjetivo different
    ' distinto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    actual
    - aparte
    - diferenciar
    - distinta
    - diversa
    - diverso
    - fonéticamente
    - otra
    - otro
    - carácter
    - concebir
    - diferente
    English:
    actual
    - cry
    - differ
    - different
    - dissimilar
    - distinct
    - separate
    - unlike
    - other
    * * *
    distinto, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [diferente] different (de o a from o to);
    su versión de los hechos era muy distinta her version of events was very different;
    es distinto venir de vacaciones a vivir aquí coming on Br holiday o US vacation is different to o from living here
    2. [claro] clear;
    su voz se oía distinta entre las demás her voice could be clearly heard among the others;
    claro y distinto perfectly clear
    3.
    distintos [varios] various;
    hay distintos libros sobre el tema there are various books on the subject;
    hay distintas maneras de preparar este plato there are various different ways of making this dish
    ♦ adv
    differently;
    en este país hacen las cosas distinto they do things differently in this country
    * * *
    adj
    1 different;
    ser distinto de be different from
    2
    :
    distintos ( varios) several
    * * *
    distinto, -ta adj
    1) diferente: different
    2) claro: distinct, clear, evident
    * * *
    distinto adj (diferente) different

    Spanish-English dictionary > distinto

  • 9 aparición

    f.
    1 appearing, appearance, coming, showing.
    2 ghost, specter, apparition, phantom.
    3 publication.
    * * *
    1 appearance
    2 (visión) apparition
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) publication, release
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acto) appearance; (=publicación) publication
    2) (=aparecido) apparition, spectre
    * * *
    1) ( acción) appearance
    2) ( fantasma) apparition
    * * *
    = appearance, emergence, launch, rise, wraith, apparition, apparition, emersion, visitation.
    Ex. Entries are created merely according to the accident of the appearance of words in titles.
    Ex. These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex. A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex. The rise of documentation in this country takes a rather different turn, due largely to the development of fine grain photographic emulsions and the miniature camera using a film with an acetate, non-explosive, base.
    Ex. The article is entitled ' Wraiths, revenants and ritual in medieval culture'.
    Ex. In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex. In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    Ex. A powerful source of ' visitations' is the so-called 'waking dream' which occurs in the twilight between wakefulness and sleep and combines features of both.
    ----
    * aparición tardía = late arrival.
    * de reciente aparición = of recent vintage.
    * frecuencia de aparición = frequency of occurrence.
    * * *
    1) ( acción) appearance
    2) ( fantasma) apparition
    * * *
    = appearance, emergence, launch, rise, wraith, apparition, apparition, emersion, visitation.

    Ex: Entries are created merely according to the accident of the appearance of words in titles.

    Ex: These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex: A gathering of 10 CD-ROM application developers resulted in the launch of the CD-ROM Standards and Practices Action Group.
    Ex: The rise of documentation in this country takes a rather different turn, due largely to the development of fine grain photographic emulsions and the miniature camera using a film with an acetate, non-explosive, base.
    Ex: The article is entitled ' Wraiths, revenants and ritual in medieval culture'.
    Ex: In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex: In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    Ex: A powerful source of ' visitations' is the so-called 'waking dream' which occurs in the twilight between wakefulness and sleep and combines features of both.
    * aparición tardía = late arrival.
    * de reciente aparición = of recent vintage.
    * frecuencia de aparición = frequency of occurrence.

    * * *
    A (acción) appearance
    la aparición de la fotografía en los periódicos the appearance o publishing of the photograph in the press
    dos libros de reciente aparición two recently published books
    [ S ] intervienen por orden de aparición … cast in order of appearance …
    ya ha hecho varias apariciones en televisión she has already been o appeared on television several times, she has already made several television appearances
    B (fantasma) apparition
    * * *

     

    aparición sustantivo femenino
    1 appearance
    2 (visión de un ser sobrenatural) apparition
    ' aparición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    auspiciar
    - espectro
    - fantasma
    - aparecer
    - visión
    English:
    apparition
    - appearance
    - emergence
    - forthcoming
    - manifestation
    - on
    * * *
    1. [de persona, cosa] appearance;
    un libro de reciente aparición a recently published book;
    hizo su aparición en la sala she made her entrance into the hall
    2. [de ser sobrenatural] apparition
    * * *
    f
    1 appearance;
    hacer su aparición make one’s appearance
    2 ( fantasma) apparition
    * * *
    aparición nf, pl - ciones
    1) : appearance
    2) publicación: publication, release
    3) fantasma: apparition, vision
    * * *
    aparición n (presencia) appearance

    Spanish-English dictionary > aparición

  • 10 surgimiento

    m.
    surging, appearance, emergence, issuing forth.
    * * *
    1 emergence
    * * *
    = emergence, rise, emersion.
    Ex. These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex. The rise of documentation in this country takes a rather different turn, due largely to the development of fine grain photographic emulsions and the miniature camera using a film with an acetate, non-explosive, base.
    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    * * *
    = emergence, rise, emersion.

    Ex: These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.

    Ex: The rise of documentation in this country takes a rather different turn, due largely to the development of fine grain photographic emulsions and the miniature camera using a film with an acetate, non-explosive, base.
    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    * * *
    emergence
    * * *
    [aparición] emergence
    * * *
    m emergence
    * * *
    : rise, emergence

    Spanish-English dictionary > surgimiento

  • 11 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 12 emersión

    f.
    emersion, egress, emergence to plain sight of a heavenly body after an eclipse.
    * * *
    1 emersion
    * * *
    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    * * *

    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    Spanish-English dictionary > emersión

  • 13 generación de estudiantes

    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    * * *

    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    Spanish-English dictionary > generación de estudiantes

  • 14 promoción de estudiantes

    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.
    * * *

    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    Spanish-English dictionary > promoción de estudiantes

  • 15 принципиально отличаться от

    •

    This spectrometer is of a radically (or fundamentally) different kind from those prism instruments which are used for...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > принципиально отличаться от

  • 16 совершенно

    (= абсолютно, полностью) absolutely, quite, completely, fully, entirely, thoroughly, at all, totally, whatsoever
    • Заметим, что совершенно законно... - Notice that it is perfectly legitimate to...
    • Однако мы не можем это совершенно (= полностью) игнорировать. - We cannot, however, ignore it completely.
    • Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.
    • Сегодня не существует совершенно никакого согласия относительно... - There is absolutely no agreement today on...
    • Сейчас мы совершенно точно знаем, что... - We now know beyond a doubt that...
    • Пример совершенно другого типа дается (чем-л). - An example of an entirely different kind is provided by...
    • Совершенно другой подход базируется на... - A fundamentally different approach is based on...
    • Совершенно очевидно, что... - It is by no means obvious that...
    • Совершенно аналогично можно показать, что... - It can be shown by an exactly similar process that...
    • Такое поведение совершенно (= полностью) отлично от того, что предсказывалось (теорией и т. п.)... - This behavior is totally different from that predicted by...
    • Теперь совершенно очевидно, что... - It is immediately apparent that...
    • Эта картина совершенно не согласуется с... - This picture is in sharp disagreement with...
    • Это совершенно очевидно следует из факта, что... - This is at once obvious from the fact that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > совершенно

  • 17 существенно

    (= особенно) essentially, substantially, significantly, materially, tangibly
    • В данном приближенном методе существенно... - In this approximation procedure it is essential to...
    • В этом случае число действий могло бы быть существенно сокращено (путем и т. п.)... - The amount of manipulation in this case could have been significantly reduced by...
    • Данное доказательство существенно основывается на нашем предположении, что... - The proof rests fundamentally on our assumption that...
    • Для нашей цели совершенно не существенно, как выбирается значение х. - For our present purpose it does not matter how x is chosen.
    • Его данные существенно отличались от результатов Смита [1]. - His findings were at variance with those of Smith [1].
    • Наш метод будет весьма существенно отличаться от данного. - Our procedure will be quite different from this.
    • Наши результаты существенно отличаются от результатов Смита [1]. - Our results barely differ from those of Smith [1].
    • Несомненно, существенно, что... - It is by no means essential that...
    • Последний результат существенно отличается от того, что мы ожидали. - The latter result differs considerably from what we expected.
    • Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...
    • Существенно более важным случаем является тот, в котором... — By far the most important case is that in which...
    • Существенно более разумным подходом является... - A considerably more clever approach is to...
    • Существенно более серьезный недостаток возникает при... - A much more serious defect is encountered with...
    • Существенно меньше известно о... - Far less is known about...
    • Существенно, что мы определяем, действительно ли... - It is essential that we determine whether...
    • Хотя... существенно различаются и по своему строению, и по назначению, их можно классифицировать согласно... - Although... vary considerably in structure and function, they can be classified according to...
    • Экспериментальные данные существенно поддерживают эти заключения. - Experimental evidence strongly supports these conclusions.
    • Это существенно для наших целей. - This is essential for our purposes.
    • Это существенно контрастирует с... - This is in marked contrast to...
    • Это существенно ограничивает пределы применимости... - This essentially limits the usefulness of...
    • Это существенно отличается от конечномерного случая, где... - This is in marked contrast to the finite dimensional case, where...
    • Это существенно отличается от... - This is considerably different from...
    • Это существенно (= хорошо) подтверждается результатами... - This is strongly supported by the results of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > существенно

  • 18 emergencia2

    2 = emergence, emersion.
    Ex. These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.
    Ex. This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    Spanish-English dictionary > emergencia2

  • 19 emergencia

    f.
    1 emergency (urgencia).
    en caso de emergencia in case of emergency
    2 emergence (brote).
    * * *
    1 (imprevisto) emergency
    2 (salida) emergence
    \
    en caso de emergencia in an emergency, in case of emergency
    estado de emergencia state of emergency
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=urgencia) emergency

    de emergencia — emergency antes de s

    2) (=acción) emergence
    * * *
    femenino emergency
    * * *
    femenino emergency
    * * *
    emergencia1
    1 = emergency, crisis [crises, -pl.], triage.
    Nota: Tratamiento de enfermos o heridos según un sistema de prioridades para asegurar la supervivencia del mayor número de ellos.

    Ex: In UDC under 361 SOCIAL RELIEF we find.9 Relief or aid in emergencies, disasters;.91 Earthquakes, storms, hurricanes;.92 Floods;.93 War, civil war;.94 Epidemics;.95 Famine; and.96 Fires, conflagrations.

    Ex: An I&R service may involve itself in providing 'hotlines', that is emergency help during times of crises or when other services close down, eg evenings, weekends or public holidays.
    Ex: For analog information, we must develop triage strategies for the past; for digital, triage strategies at the point of acquisition or creation.
    * antes de una emergencia = pre-emergency.
    * ayuda de emergencia = emergency relief.
    * emergencia médica = medical emergency.
    * emergencia quirúrgica = surgical emergency.
    * emergencia + surgir = emergency + arise.
    * en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.
    * en una emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.
    * en una situación de emergencia = in an emergency situation, in an emergency.
    * estado de emergencia = state of emergency.
    * frenado de emergencia = emergency braking.
    * freno de emergencia = emergency brake.
    * hacer un plan de emergencia = produce + contingency plan.
    * llamada telefónica de emergencia = emergency telephone call.
    * luces de emergencia = blackout facilities, hazard lights.
    * luz de emergencia = emergency warning light.
    * medicina de emergencia = emergency medicine.
    * medida de emergencia = emergency measure.
    * número de emergencia = hotline [hot-line].
    * piloto de emergencia = emergency warning light.
    * plan de emergencia = disaster plan, emergency plan, disaster recovery plan, backup plan, safety net.
    * planificación contra emergencias = disaster planning, disaster preparedness plan, disaster preparedness planning.
    * planificación de emergencia = disaster recovery planning.
    * preparación contra emergencias = disaster preparedness.
    * preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.
    * preparación para las emergencias = emergency preparedness.
    * responsable del servicio de emergencias = emergency official.
    * reunión de emergencia = emergency meeting.
    * salida de emergencia = emergency exit.
    * servicio de emergencia = emergency service.
    * servicios de emergencia = emergency assistance.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * teléfono de emergencia = hotline [hot-line], emergency dialling code.
    * vehículo de emergencia = emergency vehicle.

    emergencia2
    2 = emergence, emersion.

    Ex: These circumvent many of the problems that must be tackled in subject indexing such as the emergence of new terms and new meanings for old words.

    Ex: This emersion means that the current cohort of students think in fundamentally different ways from those that have gone before.

    * * *
    emergency
    [ S ] en caso de emergencia in case of emergency
    * * *

    emergencia sustantivo femenino
    emergency
    emergencia sustantivo femenino emergency: en caso de emergencia, pulsa este botón, in case of emergency, press the button
    salida de emergencia, emergency exit
    ' emergencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    estatuir
    - instrumentación
    - ración
    - desembarcar
    - estado
    - intentar
    - lanzar
    - salida
    - tirar
    English:
    contingency plan
    - emergency
    - fire exit
    - contingency
    - good
    - hazard
    - relief
    - standby
    - state
    * * *
    1. [urgencia] emergency;
    en caso de emergencia in case of emergency
    2. [brote] emergence
    * * *
    f emergency;
    estado de emergencia state of emergency
    * * *
    1) : emergency
    2) : emergence
    * * *
    emergencia n emergency [pl. emergencies]

    Spanish-English dictionary > emergencia

  • 20 в принципе

    •

    Fundamentally, the giant planets differ from the Earth chiefly in that...

    •

    The artificially induced mutations are in principle (or basically) of the same kind as the spontaneous ones.

    •

    In principle, the capacitance of the reference condenser can be deduced from its geometry.

    •

    The treatment of alluvial tin is not essentially different, though varying in detail.

    * * *
    В принципе -- in principle; conceivably (по идее); theoretically, fundamentally (теоретически)
     In principle, measurement of steam quality using a light attenuation technique is quite simple. In reality, however, accomplishing this in a field turbine environment is quite difficult.
     The extent of such further measurements could conceivably involve a full code acceptance test.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > в принципе

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